Correlation of nipple eczema in pregnancy with atopic dermatitis in Northern India: a study of 100 cases

Abstract Background Nipple eczema is a less common presentation of atopic dermatitis. No studies in the literature have correlated nipple eczema in pregnancy as a manifestation of atopic dermatitis. Objective To evaluate whether nipple eczema presenting in pregnancy is a manifestation of atopic dermatitis. Methods This was a prospective observational study including 100 women who presented with nipple eczema for the first time during pregnancy. The exclusion criteria were any patient with previous history of nipple eczema, those already on oral or topical treatment for atopic dermatitis or nipple eczema, and other disorders mimicking eczema. Patients were divided into two groups ‒ nipple eczema with atopic dermatitis and without atopic dermatitis. Demographic data, clinical features, total leukocyte count, differential leukocyte count, absolute eosinophil counts, and serum IgE levels were compared between the two groups to detect association between nipple eczema in pregnancy and atopic dermatitis. Results Out of 100 patients, 39 were diagnosed with atopic dermatitis, whereas 61 were ruled out to have any features suggestive of atopic dermatitis. There were no statistically significant differences in mean age, mean duration of symptoms, and serum IgE levels. In patients with atopic dermatitis, bilateral symptoms were noted more commonly than in patients without the disease, but this was statistically insignificant. Study limitations Lack of long term follow-up and no large studies in literature to compare results. Conclusion Nipple eczema in pregnancy follows a similar pattern as in other age groups. The clinical profile of patients is similar in cases with and without atopic dermatitis.

Ectasia ductal mamaria, una entidad poco frecuente en la edad pediátrica: A propósito de un caso / Duct ectasia, an infrequent condition in childhood: A case report

La secreción sanguínea a través del pezón (telorragia) es un síntoma muy poco frecuente y que genera gran alarma en pediatría por su relación con el carcinoma en la edad adulta. La entidad más frecuente asociada en edades tempranas, de naturaleza benigna y autolimitada, es la ectasia ductal mamaria. Se caracteriza por la dilatación del conducto mamario, fibrosis e inflamación periductal. La etiología es desconocida y multifactorial. Son pocos casos los descritos en la literatura científica. Se presenta a un lactante de 5 meses con telerragia por ectasia ductal mamaria, cuya resolución fue espontánea a las 4 semanas. Nuestro objetivo es facilitar el rápido reconocimiento por parte de los médicos, dar a conocer esta patología tan poco frecuente y, así, evitar estudios y tratamientos agresivos e invasivos innecesarios.

Bloody discharge from the nipple (thelorrhagia) is a rare symptom in childhood and is a cause of great concern due to the association with carcinoma in adults. The most common cause in children is mammary duct ectasia, which is a benign and self-limiting condition. It is characterized by dilatation of the mammary ducts, fibrosis and periductal inflammation. The etiology has not been identified and is multifactorial. Up to date, only isolated case reports have been published. Therefore, we present a review of the literature and we report a case of a fivemonth- old male infant that resolves spontaneously. We aimed to improve physicians’ diagnosis accuracy, the knowledge of this condition and to avoid aggressive studies and treatments.

Bilateral clear cell acanthoma of the areola and nipple: good response to topical corticosteroids

Abstract: Clear cell acanthoma is a rare, epidermal tumor not common in the area of the nipples; indeed, the literature describes only 8 cases, all showing unilateral presentation. We here report the first case of bilateral clear cell acanthoma with good response to topical corticosteroids. Case report: A sixteen-year old girl presented with 2 excrescent, fleshy, and exudative tumor masses in both nipples and areola mammae. A biopsy was conducted and confirmed clear cell acanthoma histopathologically. Treatment with strong corticosteroids resulted in rapid improvement and resolution. After one year of follow-up, the patient developed atopic dermatitis. Discussion: We describe the first case of bilateral clear cell acanthoma localized in the nipple/areola that resolved with powerful corticosteroids, suggesting a reactive etiology of the lesion.

Papiloma intraductal metacrónico en un niño: Caso clínico / Intraductal metachronic papilloma: Clinical case

Introducción. La asociación de telorragia y ginecomastia nos orienta al diagnóstico de papiloma intraductal. Este tumor benigno es muy infrecuente en la edad pediátrica. Caso clínico. Niño de 2 años que presentó ginecomastia y telorragia en la mama izquierda. Se realizó mastectomia. A los 4 años, presentó el mismo cuadro en la mama derecha, que requirió también mastectomia derecha, con buena evolución posquirúrgica en ambas oportunidades. La anatomía patológica informó papiloma intraductal sin signos de malignidad ni atipia. Conclusión. El papiloma intraductal raramente afecta a niños; hay 15 casos reportados. La ecografía es el método de diagnóstico más empleado. En los pacientes masculinos, la mastectomia es recomendada para asegurar un diagnóstico y tratamiento definitivo.

Introduction. The association of gynecomastia and bloody nipple discharge (thelorragia) leads us to the diagnosis of intraductal papilloma. This is a very rare benign tumor in children. Clinical case. A 2 year old male child was referred due to gynecomastia and bloody nipple discharge of the left breast. A mastectomy was performed. At the age of 4 he returned with identical symptoms but in the right breast. A right mastectomy was also required. An excellent clinical outcome was present in the follow up. The pathology reported intraductal papilloma with no evidence of malignancy or atypia. Conclusion. The intraductal papilloma rarely affects children, there are 15 reported cases. Ultrasound is the most useful diagnostic method. In male patients, mastectomy is recommended to ensure definitive diagnosis and treatment.

Mammary and extramammary Paget's disease

Paget's disease, described by Sir James Paget in 1874, is classified as mammary and extramammary. The mammary type is rare and often associated with intraductal cancer (93-100% of cases). It is more prevalent in postmenopausal women and it appears as an eczematoid, erythematous, moist or crusted lesion, with or without fine scaling, infiltration and inversion of the nipple. It must be distinguished from erosive adenomatosis of the nipple, cutaneous extension of breast carcinoma, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, chronic eczema, lactiferous ducts ectasia, Bowen's disease, basal cell carcinoma, melanoma and intraductal papilloma. Diagnosis is histological and prognosis and treatment depend on the type of underlying breast cancer. Extramammary Paget's disease is considered an adenocarcinoma originating from the skin or skin appendages in areas with apocrine glands. The primary location is the vulvar area, followed by the perianal region, scrotum, penis and axillae. It starts as an erythematous plaque of indolent growth, with well-defined edges, fine scaling, excoriations, exulcerations and lichenification. In most cases it is not associated with cancer, although there are publications linking it to tumors of the vulva, vagina, cervix and corpus uteri, bladder, ovary, gallbladder, liver, breast, colon and rectum. Differential diagnoses are candidiasis, psoriasis and chronic lichen simplex. Histopathology confirms the diagnosis. Before treatment begins, associated malignancies should be investigated. Surgical excision and micrographic surgery are the best treatment options, although recurrences are frequent.

Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis: a case with exuberant cutaneous horns in nipples

Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis is a rare disorder characterized by persistent and recurrent infections by Candida due to changes in cellular immunity and may be associated with autoimmune endocrine disorders. It is refractory to the usual antifungal treatments, which merely control it with imidazole derivatives. This reports the case of a 50-year-old female patient who referred vaginal discharge associated with vulvar ulcerated lesions and whitish plaques on oral and genital mucous membranes of onset in adolescence besides cutaneous horns in nipples. The clinical picture, family history, culture and anatomopathological studies were consistent with chronic infection by candida. Treatment with systemic antifungals obtained partial response of lesions characterizing a clinical picture of Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis.

Family polythelia associated with dental anomalies: a case report / Politelia familiar asociada con anomalías dentarias: un caso clínico

Abstract Polythelia is defined as the presence of supernumerary nipples without the presence of additional mammary gland, within the milk line extending from the axilla to the pubic region. Though the presence of dental anomalies can create a simple esthetic problem with specific clinical considerations, the association with familial polythelia has rarely been reported. A report of association of dental anomalies and polythelia in an Argentine family is presented and the considerations about the dental practice suggesting a careful anamnesis and referral to a medical consultation with regard to possible pathologic conditions or potentially malignant transformation of accessory breasts are discussed.

Resumen La politelia ha sido definida como la presencia de pezones supernumerarios sin tejido accesorio glandular; generalmente, éstos siguen las líneas mamarias que discurren imaginariamente desde las axilas hasta la región inguinal. Si bien la presencia de anomalías dentarias puede originar un simple problema estético con específicas consideraciones clínicas, la asociación con politeliafamiliar ha sido escasamente informada. Se presenta un caso de politelia asociada con anomalías dentarias en una familia argentina, y se discuten sugerencias para una cuidadosa anamnesis odontológica y derivación a la consulta médica para prevenir eventuales condiciones patológicas o una potencial transformación maligna de los tejidos mamarios.

Clear cell acanthoma of the areola and nipple: clinical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical features of two Brazilian cases* / Acantoma de células claras da areola e do mamilo: aspectos clínicos, histopatológicos e imuno-histoquímicos de dois casos brasileiros

Clear cell acanthoma or Degos' acanthoma is a distinct disease concerning its clinical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical features. Its pathologic nature - whether neoplastic or reactive - is still under dispute among researchers. The disease shows a chronic course and often presents with a single papulonodular lesion on the lower limbs of adults. However, cases with multiple lesions, sometimes occurring in an eruptive fashion, and with clear variation in the size and shape of the cutaneous lesions have been reported. So far, five cases in which the lesions were exclusively located in the nipple area have been reported, all in Korean women. Four of these cases mimicked eczema and one, a polypoid nodule. The aim of this article is to present clinical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical features of two additional cases in Brazilian women with similar nipple topography.

O acantoma de células claras ou acantoma de Degos é uma doença bem individualizada quanto aos seus aspectos clínicos, histopatológicos e imuno-histoquímicos. Sua natureza patológica - se neoplásica ou reativa - ainda é debatida por pesquisadores. De evolução crônica, ocorre predominantemente nos membros inferiores de adultos, em geral como lesão papulonodular única. Entretanto, foram observados casos com lesões múltiplas, por vezes de caráter eruptivo, e com notável variação de tamanho e forma das eflorescências cutâneas. Há relatos de cinco casos com localização exclusiva na aréola e no mamilo, quatro simulando eczema e um como nódulo polipoide; todos ocorridos em mulheres coreanas. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar os aspectos clínicos, histopatológicos e imuno-histoquímicos de dois novos casos da doença, com idêntica topografia areolomamilar, observados em mulheres brasileiras.

Eccema del Pezón en un varón: presentación de un caso / Nipple eczema in a male boy: a case presentation

La dermatitis atópica es una enfermedad inflamatoria crónica de la piel, de causa multifactorial, que combina lesiones eccematosas, con una distribución característica de piel seca e intenso prurito que normalmente tiene lugar en pacientes con una historia personal o familiar de otras enfermedades atópicas como: asma bronquial o la rinitis alérgica. Las manifestaciones de la dermatitis atópica pueden ser complejas, con expresiones muy variables que incluyen formas muy extensas e intensas y hasta otras mínimas (formes frustres) difíciles de diagnosticar, consideradas estigmas de constitución atópica que pueden pasar completamente inadvertidas. Objetivo: identificar una variedad atípica de la dermatitis atópica en un paciente de sexo masculino. Caso clínico: paciente masculino de 20 años de edad de piel blanca que acude a la consulta de dermatología del Hospital Universitario Amalia Simoni por presentar eccema del pezón. Conclusiones: el eccema del pezón se puede ver no solo en mujeres jóvenes; sino también en varones, aunque no de forma frecuente. La infección por Staphtlococcusaureus empeora el cuadro de dermatitis atópica. Dada la disponibilidad del factor de transferencia (HEBERTRANS). En el sistema de salud de Cuba se hace necesario mostrar experiencias del beneficio de su empleo en esta enfermedad.

Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the skin, of multifactorial cause, that combines eczematous lesions, with a characteristic of dry skin and intense itching distribution; usually occurs in patients with a personal or family history of atopic diseases such as: bronchial asthma or allergic rhinitis. The manifestations of atopic dermatitis may be complex with highly variable expressions, including extensive and intense forms to other minimal (frustrated forms) difficult to diagnose, considered stigmata of atopic constitution that may go completely unnoticed. Objective: to identify an unusual variety of atopic dermatitis in a male boy and to establish the diagnosis of the disease to choose the right treatment. Case report: a white skin, male patient of 20 years old comes to the Dermatology consultation at the University Hospital Amalia Simoni presenting nipple eczema. Conclusions: nipple eczema may be seen not only in young women, but also in men but not in common form. Staphtlococcusaureus infection worsens the atopic dermatitis picture. Given the availability of transfer factor (HEBERTRANS) in the health system of Cuba it is necessary to show experiences for the benefit of its use in this disease.

Adenomatose erosiva do mamilo / Erosive adenomatosis of the nipple

A adenomatose erosiva do mamilo é uma complexa proliferação benigna mamária que pode ser confundida com neoplasias malignas da mama. A apresentação típica cursa com descarga mamária, eritema, erosão e formação de crostas. O processo é geralmente assintomático e de instalação insidiosa. A adenomatose erosiva do mamilo pode ser confundida com condições benignas, como a dermatite de contato, psoríase e infecções, mas seu principal diagnóstico diferencial é a Doença de Paget. O tratamento é cirúrgico e o prognóstico, excelente.

Erosive adenomatosis of the nipple is a complex benign mammary proliferation that can be misdiagnosed as a malignant mammary neoplasm. The most common clinical presentation includes discharge, erythema, erosion and crusting. The process is usually asymptomatic. It resembles benign conditions such as contact dermatitis, psoriasis and infections, but its main differential diagnosis is Paget's disease. Treatment is usually surgical and the prognosis is excellent.

Pseudoxantoma elástico perfurante periumbilical e periareolar / Periumbilical and periareolar perforating pseudoxanthoma elasticum

O pseudoxantoma elástico perfurante periumbilical (PEPP), ou elastose cálcica perfurante, é distúrbio raro e sua patogênese está associada a alteração da fibra elástica, tendo o trauma provável participação. Apresenta-se caso de paciente de 70 anos com quadro de máculas enegrecidas e pápulas encimadas por crostas na região periareolar e periumbilical há mais de dez anos. O exame histopatológico revelou fibras elásticas alteradas, repletas de cálcio, e formação de pertuito na derme com fibras elásticas degradadas no seu interior. O caso descrito corresponde ao PEPP, que nesta paciente também acomete área periareolar bilateralmente.

The periumbilical perforating pseudoxanthoma elasticum or perforating calcific elastosis is a rare disorder and its pathogenesis is associated with the alteration of elastic fibers, which may probably result from trauma. We present the case of a 70-year-old woman with long-time blackish maculas and keratotic surface papules on the periareolar and periumbilical regions. The histopathological examination revealed altered elastic fibers, replete with calcium and formation of a path in the dermis with elastic fibers degraded in their interior, confirming the clinical diagnosis.

Enfermedad de paget de la mama: reporte de 13 casos / Paget disease of the breast: 13 cases report

Reportar y describir las características clínicas y conducta terapéutica de 13 casos de enfermedad de Paget en el Instituto de Oncología “Dr. Miguel Pérez Carreño” en el período comprendido entre 1986-2008. Se realizó un estudio no experimental, descriptivo, de tipo retrospectivo. Se revisaron historias clínicas del departamento de dicha institución. Total de casos encontrados: 13, 100 por ciento de los pacientes fueron del sexo femenino. La edad promedio de presentación fue de 58 años. 44 por ciento de los casos se presentó con una lesión eccematosa a nivel de pezón y un 14 por ciento se encontraban en estadio I en el momento de diagnóstico. 87 por ciento presentaban extensión centro-mamaria; el tiempo de evolución fue menor o igual a 6 meses en un 50 por ciento de los casos. El síntoma de presentación en un 45 por ciento fue la presencia de un nódulo mamario más lesión ulcerativa del pezón. 25 por ciento cursaba con adenopatía clínicamente palpable. En un 65 por ciento, la conducta quirúrgica fue mastectomía total con vaciamiento axilar en niveles I y II. 37 por ciento recibieron tratamiento adyuvante y en un 72 por ciento el tiempo de sobrevida comprendió entre el rango de 1 a 5 años. La enfermedad de Paget constituye una entidad especial poco frecuente. El grupo etario afectado está entre 50-60 años. El tratamiento terapéutico establecido en la mayor parte de las series publicadas, independientemente de la etapa, ha sido la mastectomía radical.

The objective of this study was report and describes the clinical characteristics and therapeutically conducts in 13 cases of Paget disease view in the Oncology Institute Dr. Miguel Perez Carreño between the years 1986-2008. We realized a study not experimental, descriptive and retrospective. We review the clinical department history of our institution. The total cases found was 13, 100 percent of the patients were female. The average age at the presentation was 58 years old. The 44 percent of the cases were presented with an eczematous lesion in the nipple level, 14 percent of the cases were in stage I at the diagnostic moment. The 87 percent of cases present a center mammalian extension to the diagnostic moment. The evolution time were minor or equal to 6 month in a 50 percent of the cases. The dominant symptom in 45 percent was the presence of a mammalian nodule and an ulcerative lesion in the nipple. In the 66 percent of the cases the surgical conduct was a total mastectomy with axillaries dissection in the level I and II. Only 37 percent receive adjuvant treatment and in a 72 percent the super life were between the 1 and 5 years range. Paget disease is a less special entity. The average groups affected are between the 50 and 60 years old. The established therapeutically treatment in the majority of series published independent of the stage was the surgical.

Enfermedad de Paget mamaria: caso clínico y revisión de la literatura / Paget’s disease of the breast: clinical case and literature review

La enfermedad de Paget mamaria es una patología poco común en la mama, sin embargo, tiene gran importancia por su alta asociación a carcinoma mamario y porque requiere de un alto índice de sospecha. Se presenta el caso de una mujer de 56 años con enfermedad de Paget mamaria con focos microscópicos de invasión y compromiso linfonodal masivo. Se realiza una revisión de esta patología, con especial énfasis en la sospecha, diagnóstico, manejo, estadificación, tratamiento y pronóstico desde el punto de vista médico y quirúrgico.

incidence of malignancy in egyptian women presenting with nipple discharge

Nipple discharge causes a degree of anxiety in women because of fear of breast cancer. Commonly, the absence of palpable or mammographic abnormalities gives a false sense of security, causing delays in diagnosis. Mammography, ultrasound, and cytology are useful only when positive, but have a high rate of false-negative results and do not preclude histological diagnosis. The aim of this study is to detect incidence of malignancy in Egyptian women presenting with nipple discharge and protocol for their management. Forty patients with pathological nipple discharge were included in the study and offered operation. Patients with surgically significant nipple discharge only of 40 years and above are recommended to undergo radical subareolar duct excision [Hadfield's procedure]. Patients below 40 years of age, particularly if intending to breast feed, with persistent discharge are given the option of microdochectomy. All histopathology results were reviewed. Patients were divided into two groups - those with red blood cells [RBCs] present in the nipple discharge and those without. Forty consecutive patients underwent operation for isolated nipple discharge during the study period. Median age was 54 years [range, 32-79 years]: Analysis of nipple discharge revealed RBCs in 16 patients [40%]. The remainder, 24[60%], had no RBCs on analysis of nipple discharge. Thirty seven patients [92.5%] underwent radical subareolar duct excision [Hadfield's procedure] and 3 patients [7.5%] microdochectomy. Histopathology revealed all patients with RBCs -positive nipple discharge had benign disease -7 [43.75%] had an intraductal papilloma and 9 [56.25%] had duct ectasia. Most patients with RBCs negative nipple discharge had benign disease - 4 [16.6%] had intraductal papilloma and 18 [75%] duct ectasia while the remaining two [8.33%] had in situ carcinoma. Despite the various tests used in the assessment of pathological nipple discharge, this study highlights their limited help at predicting the cause. This, together with several other studies, demonstrates that ductal surgery remains the only reliable way of providing a diagnosis, in addition to being the ideal therapeutic measure

Nipple adenoma of breast: a masquerader of malignancy

Nipple adenoma is a benign condition simulating malignancy such as breast carcinoma and/or Paget's disease clinically. In this study 19 cases diagnosed as nipple adenoma over a period of 14 years are described. The diagnosis was confirmed by histology alone. All patients were females with age ranging from 23 to 63 years. Most of the cases presented clinically with in duration and ulceration accompanied by pain and itching. The diagnosis was clinically suspected in only 3 cases. This highlights the importance of histological diagnosis in all suspicious breast lesions. In one case, the clinical and histological diagnosis was incorrect leading to mastectomy. Complete local excision with clear margins is curative